Beste Postbariatrische plastische Chirurgie Chirurgen in Istanbul - TOP -20 Ärzte

Salih Onur Basat schloss 2005 das Programm „Englische Medizin“ an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Istanbul Cerrahpaşa ab. Er arbeitete eine Zeit lang im öffentlichen Gesundheitswesen und führte während dieser Zeit akademische Studien durch, die in vielen führenden nationalen und internationalen Zeitschriften und Kongressen veröffentlicht und präsentiert wurden. Er wirkte an vielen nationalen und internationalen Kongressen mit und nahm daran teil. Er ist von TPRECD und EBOPRAS akkreditiert. Dr. Salih Onur Basat ist ein sehr erfahrener Chirurg, der eine große Anzahl von Fällen durchgeführt hat, darunter erfolgreiche Verfahren zur Körperformung, Brustästhetik und ästhetische Gesichtsoperationen.

Facharzt für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie

Medizinische Fakultät für Grundstudiengänge, Atatürk-Universität 2012

Master in Wissenschaften

PhD Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie Selcuk University 2020

Auszeichnungen:

1-Die beste Anastomose in der Mikrochirurgie, APFSRM-Kongress 2018, Antalya

2- Erster Preis für den Assistentenpräsentationswettbewerb im klinischen Zweig, 41. Nationalkongress des TPRECD 2019, Samsun

3- Erster Preis beim Assistenzpapierwettbewerb der experimentellen Abteilung, 43. Nationalkongress des TPRECD, 2021, Antalya

Spezialisierungen

Brustästhetik

Bauchdeckenstraffung

Genitalästhetik

Augenlidästhetik

Gynäkomastie-Korrektur

Nasenkorrektur

Ästhetik abstehender Ohren

Botox-Anwendungen

Füllanwendungen

Postbariatrischer Chirurg

,

Dr. Mehmet Yildirim,
Medizinische Fakultät Cerrahpasa 2008-2014
Medizinische Ausbildung abgeschlossen

Universität Istanbul
Medizinische Fakultät Istanbul 2016-2022
Spezialisierung auf ästhetische, plastische und rekonstruktive Chirurgie abgeschlossen.

ERFAHRUNGEN:
2022 - 2024
PLASTIKABTEILUNG DES STAATLICHEN KRANKENHAUSES ARTVIN
Spezialist für rekonstruktive und ästhetische Chirurgie

2024
Estherian-Abteilung für plastische Chirurgie


ZERTIFIZIERUNG:
Januar 2017
28. Grundkurs Mikrochirurgie

2020
Bazmialem-Vakif-Universität
22. Zertifikatskurs für Versuchstiere

2021
EPCD-Schule für Brustchirurgie

2022
Live-Chirurgie-Kurs zur Teorhinoplastik

19.-24. Dezember 2022
EPCD-Stipendienprogramm abgeschlossen

2024
Facharzt für Gesichts- und Halschirurgie - Istanbul

Kadir Oyur is a dynamic and accomplished medical professional with a wealth of experience and expertise in the field of surgery. He completed his Postgraduate Residency in Plastic Surgery at the Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education in Minsk, Belarus, followed by another residency in General Surgery at Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education in Kiev, Ukraine. Prior to this, he pursued his medical education at Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa English Medical School. Throughout his career, Kadir has held various positions, including roles at Europ-Assistance Insurance Company in Turkey and Antes Aesthetic Surgery Center in Belarus. He has actively engaged in research and observational programs at prestigious institutions like Harvard University Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the University of California, Irvine. Kadir is also proficient in computer skills and speaks multiple languages fluently, including English, Turkish, Kurdish, Russian, and German. Beyond his medical endeavors, he enjoys pursuits such as playing musical instruments, sailing, and cycling. Kadir is an active member of esteemed medical societies such as The International Society of Plastic Surgery and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. With his extensive skill set and commitment to excellence, Kadir Oyur continues to make significant contributions to the field of surgery.

Education and Certifications

• Sisli Terakki Primary School – 2001
• Sisli Terakki High School – 2004
• Yeditepe University School of Medicine – 2011
• Animal Research Certificate – June 2014
• Ankara University School of Medicine  Plastic , Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Resident – 2012 - 2016
• Ankara University School of Medicine  Plastic , Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Chief Resident – 2016 - 2018
• Specialist in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery – 2018, March
• Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital ,Plastic,Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department  - 2018 – 2021
• Fellow of European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery - 2023

International Experiences

• Microsurgery Course, Microsurgery Research and Training Laboratory,  Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,  Columbia University,May 31 - June 03 , 2016. New York, USA.
• Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Surgery for the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service. December 11, 2017 –January 31, 2018. New York-USA.
• NYU Langone Health, The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery. May 1-31, 2019. New York-USA

Professional Experience

• Ankara University School of Medicine Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department August 2012- August 2018
• Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital ,Plastic,Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department  August 2018-2021
• Regen-IC Clinic Fulya/Istanbul – October 2021- Current

Rotations

• November 2013 - April 2014  - General Surgery Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty,  Department of General Surgery
• April - May 2014 - Anatomy Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty,  Department of Anatomy
• May - June 2014 - Neurosurgery Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty,  Department of Neurosurgery
• June - July 2014 - Pediatric Surgery Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Surgery
• November - December 2015 - Anesthesiology Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology
• December 2015 - January 2016 - Emergency Medicine Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty,  Department of Emergency Medicine
• January - February 2016 - Otorhinolaryngology Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology
• February - March 2016 - Orthopaedics Rotation - Ankara University Medical Faculty, Department of Orthopaedics

Presentations in International Meetings

               1.Serel S, Bayar S, Kaya B, Yigit P, Celik B, Sezgic M. Reverse Abdominoplasty for                Locally/Advanced Recurrent Breast Cancer. 2016 Barcelona Breast Meeting, March 16-18,   2016. Barcelona-Spain.

               2. Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Serel S. Possible Factors Associated With Failure of Free Flaps in           Reconstruction of Head-Neck and Lower Extremity Defects. 13'th Congress of the European            Federation of Societies for Microsurgery, April 21-24, 2016. Antalya-Turkey.

3. Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Ozden S, Ozdemir A, Kaya B, Serel S.Reconstruction of Complex Scalp and Calvarial Defects with Cranioplasty and Free Flaps. 4’th Congress of Asian Pacific Federation of Societies for Reconstructive Microsurgery, May 09-13, 2018. Antalya-Turkey.

4. Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Ozden S, Serel S, Ergun H, Kaya B. Effect of Quercetin (A Powerful Flavonoid) on Survival of Random Skin Flap in Rats : An Experimental Study. European Association of Plastic Surgeons Research Council, May 16-17, 2018. Madrid -Spain.

5. Sezgic M, Aydinli Y, Kirmizi BA, Heper A, Serel S. The Effect of Poly-L-Lactic Acid Dermal Fillers on Tendon Healing. European Association of Plastic Surgeons Research Council, May 16-17, 2018. Madrid -Spain.

6. Sezgic M, Aydinli Y, Kaya B, Serel S. Our Clinical Experience with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging. International Congress on Occupational Accidents, Hand Injuries and Amputations, April 26-27, 2019. Istanbul-Turkey.

7. Balikci T, Bozkurt M, Karakol P, Sezgic M, Metin A. Providing Functional and Aesthetic Healing With Matriderm® and Late Fat Injection in Frontal Arm Flexor Face Burn Contracts. 17th Annual IFATS Conference, December 4-7, 2019. Marseille, France.

8. Balikci T, Bozkurt M, Karakol P, Sezgiç M, Metin A. Investigation of the Peripheral Effects of SVF Treatment in Patients with Ischemic Limb. 17th Annual IFATS Conference, December 4-7, 2019. Marseille, France.

Presentations in National Meetings

               1. Sezgic M, Celik B, Yigit P, Arslan E, Can Z. Sol El Dorsumunda Atipik Lokalizasyonda                Kavernöz Hemanjiom. 36. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 29       Ekim - 1 Kasım, 2014, Istanbul.

               2. Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Tuzlali Z, Kaya B, Gultan S.M, Serel S. Meme Küçültme Hastalarında      Preoperatif Görüntüleme Sonuçlarının Histopatolojik Tanılarla Uyumunun Karşılaştırılması.              38. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 27-30 Ekim, 2016, Antalya.

               3. Serel S, Aydinli Y, Tuzlali Z, Sezgic M, Kaygusuz G, Heper A.O. İmmün Yetmezlik Olmayan             Hastada İntestinal Lenfomanın Nadir Görülen İlk Bulgusu: Oral Kavitede Kronik Yara. 38. Türk      Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 27-30 Ekim, 2016, Antalya.

               4. Tuzlali Z, Sezgic M, Aydinli Y, Kaya B, Serel S. MHC Class-II Eksikliği Olan Hastaya Burun   Epitezi Uygulaması. 38. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 27-30    Ekim, 2016, Antalya.

               5. Sezgic M, Tuzlali Z, Aydinli Y, Serel S. Temporal Bölgede Yüzeyel Lipom Öntanısı ile Tanı       Alan Akciğer Kanseri. 38. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 27-30               Ekim, 2016, Antalya.

               6. Serel S, Uzun C, Tuzlali Z, Coruh A, Aydinli Y, Sezgic M. Diep Öncesi Çekilen BT Anjiografide       Saptanan Rastlantısal Pankreas Kanseri. 38. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi  Ulusal Kongresi, 27-30 Ekim, 2016, Antalya.

               7. Sezgic M, Aydinli Y, Tuzlali Z, Gultan S.G. Vertikal Skar Küçültme Mamoplastide Tekrarlayan        Dehisens olgusu: Limberg (Rhomboid) Flebi kullanımı. 38. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve              Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 27-30 Ekim, 2016, Antalya.

               8. Tuzlali Z, Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Serel S. Kısmi Kalınlıkta Deri Greft Donör Alanı                Komplikasyonu: Hipergranülasyon Olgu Sunumu. 38. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik  Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 27-30 Ekim, 2016, Antalya.

9. Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Tuzlali Z, Kaya B, Serel S. İndosiyanin Yeşili Floresans Video Anjiografi ile Deneyimlerimiz. 39. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 11-14 Ekim, 2017, Antalya.

10. Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Tuzlali Z, Kaya B, Serel S, Gultan SM. Nadir Bir Kimyasal Yanık Etkeni: Taze Sarımsak. 39. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 11-14 Ekim, 2017, Antalya.

11.Ozden S, Sezgic M, Aydinli Y, Kaya B. Malignite ile Karışabilen Nodüler Fasiit Olgusu. 39. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 11-14 Ekim, 2017, Antalya.

12. Sezgic M, Aydinli Y, Bayir SA, Can Z. Üst Dudakta Travma Sonrası Oluşan Skuamöz Hücreli Karsinom Olgusu. 39. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 11-14 Ekim, 2017, Antalya. 

13. Aydinli Y, Tuzlali Z, Sezgic M, Ozbek MR. Parmağın Az Görülen Yumuşak Doku Tümörü: Epidermal İnklüzyon Kisti. 39. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 11-14 Ekim, 2017, Antalya. 

14. Bayir SA, Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Can Z. Şüpheli Skar Zemininde Akut Gelişen Yassı Hücreli Karsinom Olgusu. 39. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 11-14 Ekim, 2017, Antalya.

15.Aydinli Y, Kaya B, Sezgic M. Antifibrotik Bir Ajan Olan Pirfenidonun Tendon İyileşmesi Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. 40. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 17-21 Ekim, 2018, Antalya.

16. Sezgic M, Serel S, Aydinli Y, Heper A, Kirmizi BA. Poli-L-Laktik Asit Bileşenli Dermal Dolgunun Tendon İyileşmesi Üzerine Etkisi. 40. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 17-21 Ekim, 2018, Antalya.

17. Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Serel S. Melanomda İmmünmodülasyon ve Hedeflenmiş Moleküler Tedaviler. 40. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 17-21 Ekim, 2018, Antalya.

18. Aydinli Y, Kaya B, Sezgic M. Postoperatif Dönemde Derin Ven Trombozu Ayırıcı Tanısında Baker Kisti. 40. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 17-21 Ekim, 2018, Antalya.

19. Karakol P, Tatar BE, Sezgic M, Uslu C, Bozkurt M. Alt ekstremite yaralanmalarına rejeneratif yaklaşım. 13. Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 13-16 Aralık, 2018, Antalya.

20. Karakol P, Tatar BE, Sezgic M, Uslu C, Bozkurt M. Buerger hastalığında kök hücre uygulaması. 13. Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 13-16 Aralık, 2018, Antalya.

21. Tatar BE, Karakol P, Sezgic M, Demirel O, Bozkurt M. Karpal Tünel Cerrahisinde Matriderm ve PRP’nin Etkileri. 41. Türk Plastik, Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Ulusal Kongresi, 26-30 Ekim, 2019, Samsun.

22. Karakol P, Sezgic M. Sternotomi ve Koroner Bypass Cerrahisi sonrası sekonder doku defektlerinde Bilateral Pediküllü Pectoralis Major Kas Flebi uygulamalarımız. 14.Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 12-15 Aralık, 2019, Antalya.

23. Bozkurt M, Karakol P, Sezgic M. Baş-Boyun Yanıkları Sonrası Erken ve Geç Dönem Fraksiyone Lazer Uygulamalarının, Skar Modülasyonu ve Kozmetik Sonuçlara Etkisi. 14.Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 12-15 Aralık, 2019, Antalya.

24. Karakol P, Sezgic M. Fournier Gangreni Sonrası Doku Defekti Onarımlarında 5 Yıllık Klinik Deneyimimiz. 14.Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 12-15 Aralık, 2019, Antalya.

25. Sezgic M, Karakol P. Epizyotomi Insizyonlarında Yara Bakımı Yaklaşımımız. 14.Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 12-15 Aralık, 2019, Antalya.

26. Sezgic M, Karakol P. Parmakta, Saatler Içinde Oturan Gazlı Gangren Tablosu. 14.Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 12-15 Aralık, 2019, Antalya.

27. Karakol P, Sezgic M, Bozkurt M. İnsan Isırığı Sonrası Kulak Amputasyonları. 14.Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 12-15 Aralık, 2019, Antalya.

28. Karakol P, Sezgic M. Sirkumsizyon Sırasında Total Glans Penis Nekrozu. 14.Ulusal Yara Kongresi, 12-15 Aralık, 2019, Antalya.

Publications

National

1. Ozden NS, Aydinli Y, Sezgic M, Kaygusuz G, Kaya B. Yüz Yerleşimli Nodüler Fasiit Olgusu. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 2019;72(1):114-117
2. Tatar BE, Gelbal C, Sezgiç M, Karakol P, Uslu C, Kabul S. Nadir Bir Olgu: Aksiller Bölgede Malign Granüler Hücreli Tümör. Bagcilar Med Bull 2019;4:106-109.
3. Karakol P, Tatar BE, Uslu C, Sezgic M. A rare cause of unclosed abdominal wall wound: Swallowed suture needles. Turk J Plast Surg 2020;28:185-7
4. Sezgic M , Karakol P . TEK TARAFLI İZOLE KONJENİTAL ALT LATERAL KIKIRDAK TOTAL YOKLUĞU OLGUSU. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine. 2020; 45-44.

International

1. Sezgic M, Aydinli Y, Serel S. Small Cell Lung Cancer Presenting as a Benign Subcutaneous Mass on the Frontotemporal Region. JCR [serial online] 2019[cited 2019 Dec 1];9:170-173. Available from: http://www.casereports.in/articles/9/3/Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer-Presenting-as-a-Benign-Subcutaneous-Mass-on-the-Frontotemporal-Region.html
2. Bayram Y, Sezgic M, Karakol P, Bozkurt M, Filinte GT. The use of autologous fat grafts in breast surgery: A literature review. Arch Plast Surg. 2019;46(6):498–510. doi:10.5999/aps.2019.00416
3. Karakol P, Sezgic M, Tatar BE, Gelbal C, Uslu C. The use of dorsoradial forearm flap for the treatment of dorsal hand defect. J Surg Case Rep. 2020;2020(7):rjaa153. Published 2020 Jul 14. doi:10.1093/jscr/rjaa153
4. Karakol P, Sezgic M. "Early lipogranuloma formation after foreign material injection to the face". Journal of Surgery and Medicine 4 (2020 ): 842-844
5. Karakol P, Sezgic M, Bozkurt M. A Complicated Cardiac Pacemaker Case Resulting In Mastectomy andDeath In Consequence Of Covid-19 Infection. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 19, Issue 11 Ser.8 (November. 2020)
6. Bozkurt, M., Tatar, B.E., Karakol, P., Sezgic M., Uslu C., Gelbal C. Matriderm and platelet-rich plasma combination in the treatment of recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome: a new approach. Eur J Plast Surg (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00238-021-01863-9
7. Karakol P., Sezgic M., Altinel  Y., Bozkurt M. The Therapeutic Effect of Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Curcumin and Ozone Among Oral Wound Healing Process. International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS). 2021; 10(1): 16-27

Chapters in Books

1. Mehmet Bozkurt, Melihcan Sezgic, Percin Karakol, Can Uslu and Tevfik Balikci. Antioxidants, The Effect of Antioxidants on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Flap Surgery. By Submitted: September 26th 2018. Reviewed: February 27th 2019. Published: July 19th 2019. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85500
2. Sezgiç M, Gültan SM. Meme küçültmenin tarihçesi. Savacı N, editör. Meme Küçültme. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.13-8.
3. Mehmet Bozkurt, Melihcan Sezgic, Percin Karakol. Yanık Skarlarının Fizyopatolojisi. Yanık - Medikal ve Cerrahi Tedavi Uygulamaları ve Bakım Yönetimi. 1.Baskı. Antalya:  Nobel Kitabevi; 2022.p.473
4. Melihcan Sezgic, Percin Karakol, Mehmet Bozkurt.Mikrovasküler Teknik ve Kompozit Doku Transferi. Yanık - Medikal ve Cerrahi Tedavi Uygulamaları ve Bakım Yönetimi. 1.Baskı. Antalya:  Nobel Kitabevi; 2022.p.527
5. Percin Karakol, Melihcan Sezgic, Mehmet Bozkurt. Baş-Boyun Rekonstrüksiyonu. Yanık - Medikal ve Cerrahi Tedavi Uygulamaları ve Bakım Yönetimi. 1.Baskı. Antalya:  Nobel Kitabevi; 2022.p.535

He was born in Istanbul in 1982. He graduated from Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine. In 2012, he worked as an emergency medical assistant at Taksim First Aid EAH.

Between 2013-2018, he specialized in general surgery at Haseki EAH. Then, between 2018-2020, he completed his compulsory service at Bitlis Tatvan State Hospital. 

Since 2020, with Dr. Hasan Lice, they have worked with the Sava team for bariatric surgeries. He is married and has two kids.

He is also the deputy chief physician of the hospital.

Assoc. Dr. Ali DURMUŞ was born in the Fevzipaşa township of İslahiye, Gaziantep. Because his father worked at Tekel, he started his education at Malatya Derme Primary School and completed it at Adıyaman Atatürk Primary School. When his father was appointed to Amasya Taşova district, he attended secondary school at Taşova Atatürk Secondary School. He finished high school at Gaziantep Kilis High School, ranking 3rd.

Since his uncle was in Çanakkale, he chose Çanakkale Education Institute as a university. Assoc. Prof. Dr. is a teacher. Ali Durmuş was appointed to Yukarı Tutak village in Ağrı's Diyadin district within the scope of compulsory service. After working as a teacher for a period, he took the university exam again.

He was accepted to Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, one of the two medical faculties that taught in English at that time. He completed one year of English preparation and 6 years of medical education without any loss. He was a member of the ski team and basketball team at the university, and also managed social events such as the annual medical ball.

He was assigned to Iskenderun State Hospital in compulsory service. Assoc. Prof. Dr., who served as the emergency manager. Ali Durmuş passed the General Surgery Department of Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital in the Medical Specialization Exam. Assoc. Prof. Dr. completed his specialization and became a specialist. Due to his success in his compulsory service, Ali Durmuş was appointed as assistant chief physician to the Oncology department at Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital.

Later, he was appointed as a training officer in the Department of General Surgery and Gastroenterology. He helped develop laparoscopic stomach and intestinal surgeries (sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, reflux, colon cancer, stomach cancer, etc.) in Turkey. Between 2002 and 2015, he trained dozens of assistants and helped them become general surgeons.

In 2015, he left his job in Okmeydanı and worked as Assistant Professor. He started working as a faculty member at Nişantaşı University.

Kiss. Dr. Lecturer Hüseyin Akyol presents the obesity and metabolic surgery processes of all his patients at the highest standards by using personalized treatment methods, his experienced team and high technology equipment. Operations and treatment follow-up processes are carried out in fully equipped and up-to-date A-plus hospitals.